'Iglasi' Yamandulo YaseTshayina: Inkulungwane Yezinto Zakudala Ukubhala Kabutsha Ingqiqo, Ekuqaleni Ubukhosi bukaZhou Babukwazi Ukuvelisa Iglasi

Xa kufikwa kwiglasi, kukholelwa ukuba abantu abaninzi baseTshayina bazele kukuzisola, kuba iYiputa yamandulo, iNtshona Asia kunye neYurophu zazinokwenza iglasi ixesha elide, ngelixa iTshayina ibonakala ngathi yenze njalo kubukhosi bukaMing noQing. Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweglasi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, abanye ababhali beenoveli zokuhamba ngexesha bahlala beyila amaqhinga okwenza imali ngokwenza iglasi kumaxesha amandulo.

Nangona kunjalo, kuncinci okwaziwayo kukuba uphando lwezinto zakudala kwinkulungwane edlulileyo lubonise ukuba iTshayina yamandulo yayingakwazi nje ukwenza iglasi, kodwa yayikwazi nokwenza iglasi kwasekuqaleni koBukhosi bukaZhou. Phakathi kwazo, kukho ne Iglasi ecacileyo iimveliso ezifunyenwe kumangcwaba esizwe samaCao Cao kunye neTempile yeFamen eShaanxi ngexesha leDynasty yaseTang. Okulandelayo, masithethe ngeglasi yamandulo yaseTshayina ngokusebenzisa amatyala amathathu ezinto zakudala. Iglasi yamandulo ibandakanya iglasi, kodwa ayibhekiseli kwiglasi kuphela.

Okokuqala, uBukhosi bukaZhou babusele bukwazi ukuvelisa iglasi

Ukuvela kweglasi akuyonto ingaqondakaliyo, kodwa kubangelwa ziinkqubo zobumba kunye nesinyithi, ezicocwa kwaye zicutshungulwe zibe ziimveliso zeglasi ezinxulumene nazo. Phakathi kwazo, isinyithi sisiphumo sokwenziwa kweembiza.

Ngenxa yokuba iglasi yinto engenasimo esiqinileyo enesakhiwo esingazinzanga, yahlukile kwizinto ezikristale ezifana namatye anqabileyo endalo kunye nejade. Ke ngoko, iimfuno zobushushu besithando aziqinisekanga, kodwa ine-plasticity ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile lobushushu. Abanye abathengisi be-intanethi bakholelwa ukuba iNtshona inokuvelisa iglasi, kwaye ke ngoko bagqiba kwelokuba ubushushu besithando bunokunyibilikisa intsimbi yehagu, into engalunganga.

Kwasekuqaleni kweXia Dynasty, ubushushu besithando eTshayina babusele bufikelele kwi-1200 degrees Celsius, kwaye i-porcelain yakudala yayinokutshiswa. Kwangaxeshanye, ishishini lobumba eTshayina yamandulo laliphuhlisiwe kakuhle, kwaye ishishini lobhedu kwiShang Dynasty nalo laliphuhlisiwe kakuhle. Ngenxa yoko, akuqhelekanga ukuba abantu bamandulo baseTshayina bakwazi ukwenza iglasi, nangona iimveliso zeglasi zokuqala ezifunyenweyo namhlanje zazikho ngexesha leZhou Dynasty. Kumfanekiso ongasentla, iTshayina inetekhnoloji ye-ceramic metallurgy ephucukileyo, enxulumene noyilo lwesithando oluphambili kwaye inokufikelela kubushushu besithando obuphezulu nobufanayo.

Iiglasi zeglasi zamehlo zedragonfly ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezizezeglasi ye-sodium calcium silicate zafunyanwa engcwabeni likaZeng Houyi eSuizhou, eHubei. Ngenxa yoko, izazi ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba iliso ledragonfly likaZeng Houyi lavela eNtshona Asia. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba iiglasi zeZeng Houyi zibe neeglasi, iTshayina yayisele ineglasi, umzekelo, iglasi yayifakwe kwisakhelo sekrele sikaKumkani uGoujian waseYue, esikweglasi ye-potassium calcium silicate ekhethekileyo yaseTshayina yamandulo.

Emva kwexesha leMfazwe yaseMelika, iTshayina yasungula uhlobo olulodwa lweglasi olubizwa ngokuba yi-lead barium silicate glass, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"lead barium glass", eyaziwa kwihlabathi liphela njengeyona nkqubo yeglasi ikhethekileyo eTshayina yamandulo. Kwiingcwaba ezingaphezu kwe-110 zaseChu eChangsha, eHunan, kuye kwafunyanwa iziqwenga ezingaphezu kwe-130 ze-glazed jade, kuquka i-cong, i-ring, i-bead, kunye ne-tube. Phakathi kwazo, i-glazed jade icacile kwaye yenziwe ngeglasi ye-lead barium.

Ngoko ke, iglasi ayilovumbululo lwaseNtshona, kwaye iChangsha ikwayenye yeendawo zokuqala ukuvelisa iglasi. Iglasi ye-barium ekhokelayo eyayivelisayo yahlukile kakhulu kwiglasi ye-sodium calcium eNtshona. Phakathi kwazo, isizathu sokuba iTshayina ingabi yiglasi ye-sodium calcium sinxulumene nokunqongophala kwezinto eziluhlaza ze-sodium carbonate (natural soda ash) zezixhobo ezinxulumene nokugeleza, kwaye ayinanto yakwenza netekhnoloji.

Ukususela ngo-1974 ukuya ku-1977, kwiCao Clan Cemetery eBozhou, kwiPhondo laseAnhui, malunga no-170 AD, kwavunjululwa iilensi ezintlanu zokuqala zeglasi ezenziweyo ezisicaba ezingqukuva ehlabathini. Ezinye zeendawo ezisemacaleni zazinomhlwa wobhedu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ezi lensi mhlawumbi zazifakwe kwizakhelo zobhedu.

Ngokuphathelele ezi lensi zintlanu ze-optical, uphando olufanelekileyo lubonisa ukuba: okokuqala, zibonakala ngokucacileyo, zinamaqamza amancinci ngaphakathi, kunye nemiphumo emihle yokukhulisa kunye nokugxila, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba abantu bamandulo babenolwazi oluphezulu lokuvelisa kunye nolwazi oluthile lwe-optical; Okwesibini, inqaku lophando likaLi Can noMa Yanru libonisa ukuba ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kwahlukile kokweglasi yelayisi yesoda yaseNtshona, kwaye iteknoloji yokudubula isuka kwitekhnoloji yeseramikhi yakudala, igqiba kwelokuba yenziwe eTshayina.

Kwangaxeshanye, emva koBukhosi baseMpuma Han, ukwakheka kweglasi yaseTshayina kwatshintsha kwakhona. Iglasi ye-lead barium silicate yayingasathandwa, kodwa kwavela olunye uhlobo lweglasi olukhethekileyo eTshayina, oluyiglasi ye-high lead silicate, eyathi kancinci kancinci yaba yinto ephambili ekhaya. Iglasi eTshayina.

Okwesithathu, indebe yeglasi yeTempile yeFamen kwiDynasty yaseTang

Ukucaca kunye nokukhazimla kweglasi yesilika ene-lead ephezulu kuphuculwe kakhulu, kwaye ingavuthelwa. Ke ngoko, emva kwexesha lokuqokelelana kwetekhnoloji, yathandwa kakhulu ngexesha lobukhosi bukaTang noSong, kwaye iikomityi zeglasi zeFamen Temple zezinye zazo.

Ngo-1987, kwiFamen Temple eseFufeng, eBaoji, eShaanxi, kwafunyanwa indebe yeti yeglasi kunye netreyi yeti kwigumbi elingasemva lebhotwe layo elingaphantsi komhlaba. Indebe yeti yayibonakala inombala oluhlaza kancinci, kwaye kwakukho amaqamza amancinci asasazeke eludongeni. Zombini iindonga zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zazibonakala zithambile kwaye zintsha.

Kwibhotwe elingaphantsi komhlaba leFamen Temple, kwafunyanwa iimveliso zeglasi ezingama-20 zizonke, apho ezili-18 kuzo zinesitayile saseNtshona Asia, kodwa iikomityi zeti kunye neetreyi zahlukile ngokupheleleyo eTshayina kwaye zezemveliso zeglasi ezenziwe eTshayina.

Inqaku elithi "Usenokungazi ukuba bekukho neglasi eTshayina yamandulo" elicatshulwe yiGlobal Network Finance and Science Popularization China libonisa ukuba le yiglasi yesilika ene-lead ephezulu, kodwa iglasi yesilika ene-lead ephezulu iyingozi kakhulu kwii-crucibles ezinyibilikayo. Kamva, i-potassium oxide yasetyenziswa ukutshintsha i-lead oxide ukwenza iglasi yesilika ye-potassium lead, kwaye "olu hlobo lweglasi lwaluthandwa kakhulu ukususela phakathi ukuya ekupheleni kweTang Dynasty ukuya kwiSong Dynasty.

Phakathi kwazo, iSong Dynasty yayinengqokelela eninzi yezinto zeglasi, ezifana neerhanisi zeglasi, izikhonkwane zeediliya zeglasi, izixhobo ezimile okwe-tripod, izixhobo ezimile okweqanda, ii-hairpin zeglasi, kunye nee-hairpin zeglasi.

Lilonke, ngaphambi koBukhosi baseYuan, iTshayina yayingakwazi nje kuphela ukuvelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso zeglasi, kodwa yaphuhlisa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeglasi, ezazingaphantsi kuneNtshona iyonke. Incwadi kaWei yade yabhala ukuba iimveliso zeglasi zasekhaya ngelo xesha "zazinobuhle obungaphezulu kunezo zaseNtshona". Ukuba siyijonga ngokwembono yetekhnoloji kunye nokusetyenziswa okutsha, iTshayina ngokucacileyo idlula iNtshona. Emva koBukhosi baseYuan, ishishini lokuvelisa iglasi laseTshayina laqhubeka nophuhliso, kodwa akuzange kube emva koHlaziyo lwezoShishino apho lawela khona ngokwenene emva kweNtshona.

Okokugqibela, akumangalisi ukuba iglasi inokwenziwa eTshayina yamandulo. Kaloku, abantu abaninzi baye beva "ngeglasi enemibala". Iglasi luhlobo lweglasi enemibala. Ke ngoko, nokuba akukho nzululwazi ngezinto zakudala, inkqubo yokwenziwa kweglasi enemibala ibhalwe kwiincwadi zakudala, sinokwazi ukuba iglasi inokwenziwa eTshayina yamandulo. Kodwa into engaqhelekanga kukuba kutheni abantu abaninzi bekhumbula ukuba iglasi yayingenziwa eTshayina yamandulo, kwaye kuphela emva kokufika kwabavangeli baseNtshona ababenako ukwenziwa eTshayina? Lo mbuzo uyoyikisa kakhulu ukuwucinga.