Imbali yoPhuhliso lweGlasi

1.1 Imvelaphi yeGlasi yeHlabathi
Ngokweengxelo zembali ezifanelekileyo, ezibuyela umva malunga ne-3000 BC ukuya kwi-2000 BC, abantu base-Egypt okanye eMesopotamia babesele bephuhlise iteknoloji yokuvelisa iglasi evuthiweyo. Kukwakho nentsomi yokuba kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-3000 eyadlulayo, abathengisi base-Fenike bafumanisa iikristale eziveliswa yi-chemical reaction phakathi kweminerali ebizwa ngokuba yi-"natural soda" (abanye bathi yi-saltpeter) kunye nesanti ye-quartz elunxwemeni phantsi kwesenzo somlilo, oluluhlobo lokuqala lweglasi. Ama-Fenike ngokwendalo awazange aphoswe ngamathuba orhwebo anokuvela. Basebenzise le chemical reaction ukuvelisa inani elikhulu lesanti eluhlaza, igrabile, i-soda ash, kunye nee-fused glass beads, ezazithengiswa kuyo yonke indawo. Ngelixa befumana inzuzo eninzi, bakwakhuthaza ukuthandwa kweglasi okokuqala kwihlabathi liphela, bevumela amazwe amaninzi anobudlelwane borhwebo nama-Fenike ukuba afumane okokuqala iglasi entle.
Iiglasi zeFiennes kunye neFerret zaseFenike zithathwa njengeziphambili kwizixhobo zeglasi. Uphuhliso lweglasi yokuqala lwadlula kumaxesha amane aphambili: ixesha lempucuko yamandulo (malunga ne-3500 BC ukuya kwi-1000 BC), ixesha lempucuko yakudala (malunga ne-100 BC ukuya kwi-500 AD), ixesha lempucuko yamaxesha aphakathi (malunga ne-500 AD ukuya kwi-1500 AD), kunye nexesha leRenaissance kunye nele-17 ukuya kwele-19 leminyaka (malunga ne-1500 AD ukuya kwi-1890 AD). Emva koko, imeko yangoku yoluntu yaqala kancinci kancinci, iglasi ekhethekileyo, iglasi yobugcisa, iglasi yokuhombisa, kunye neglasi yokwakha.
2. Ukusetyenziswa kweGlasi

2.1 Ukusetyenziswa kweGlasi kwimbali
Iglasi yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwizinto eziyimfuneko zemihla ngemihla ezifana Iikomityi zeglasi, iibhotile, kunye neepleyiti. Abemi baseMesopotamiya benza iingongoma zomhlaba, ezazisongelwa ngeeribhoni zeglasi ezinyibilikisiweyo kwaye zilungiswe umphezulu ukuze kwenziwe izinto zeglasi. Izixhobo zeglasi ezenziwe ngale ndlela zihlala zithatha imo yebhotile kwaye zisetyenziswa njengezikhongozeli zamanzi okanye zokutya.
Iglasi yokuqala yayithathwa njengenombala omnye kuphela, oluhlaza, nto leyo eyayinciphisa indlela esetyenziswa ngayo. Kwaba semva kwexesha apho abantu bafumanisa ukuba isizathu sokuba iglasi iveze umbala oluhlaza kukuba izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ukwenza iglasi ziqulathe isinyithi esincinci, kwaye iikhompawundi zesinyithi esidibanisa imibala zenza iglasi ibonakale iluhlaza. Emva kokongeza i-manganese dioxide, kwabakho utshintsho lombala. Olu tshintsho lombala lukhethekileyo noluhle luye lwathatha ukusetyenziswa kweglasi lwaya kwinqanaba elilandelayo - kuye kwavela iimveliso ezahlukeneyo zeglasi ezinemibala. Ingakumbi emva kokuba amaTaliyane efunde ubuchwepheshe bokwenza iiphaneli zeglasi eziphucukileyo, iglasi enemibala yayisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiglasi yokuhombisa yeecawa, ingakumbi kuyilo lwecawa lwesitayile seGothic. Iicawa zeGothic zihlala zibonisa isakhiwo soyilo esibukhali nesiphakamileyo esibonakala ngathi sibhabha phezulu, nto leyo eyenza ifestile ende yaseFransi ibe yiglasi enemibala. Ukukhanya kwelanga kukhanya ngeefestile ezinemibala ukuya kwicawa engcwele, okwenza umoya wecawa ube ngcwele kwaye ungcwele.
Emva koko, iglasi yasetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lokwakha. Ngo-1833, kwatyhilwa isakhiwo sokuqala emhlabeni esakhiwe ngentsimbi neglasi, igadi yezityalo iGarden des Plantes. Ngokungafaniyo nobunzima bezakhiwo zamatye, izakhiwo zeglasi zinokuzisa uvakalelo olucacileyo nolucocekileyo, oluye lwanconywa kakhulu ngabantu kangangexesha elithile. Umzekelo ocacileyo ngakumbi yindawo yeLondon World's Fair (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi "Crystal Palace") eyakhiwa phantsi kobunkokeli bukaPaxton ngo-1851, enokubizwa ngokuba yitempile yeglasi.

2.2 Iglasi Yanamhlanje Izicelo
Kule mihla, ukusetyenziswa kweglasi kuye kwanda kakhulu. Itini yeglasi Zingahlulwa zibe yiglasi ethe tyaba kunye neglasi ekhethekileyo. Iglasi ethe tyaba yahlulwe ngokubanzi ibe ziintlobo ezintathu: iglasi ethe tyaba enemiqolo okanye engenamiqolo, iglasi ethe tyaba enendlela yokutsala ethe tyaba, kunye neglasi edadayo. Ezi ntlobo zeglasi zisetyenziswa kushishino lokwakha nokuhombisa, kushishino lweemoto, kushishino lobugcisa, kwanasemkhosini. Ngokwendlela ezibunjwe ngayo, iglasi inokwahlulwa ibe yiglasi ye-quartz, iglasi ye-silica ephezulu, iglasi ye-lead silicate, iglasi ye-sodium calcium, iglasi ye-aluminium silicate, iglasi ye-borosilicate, iglasi ye-potassium, njl. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeglasi zinokusetyenziswa kwazo, njengeglasi ye-soda lime, engasetyenziswa ekwenzeni iglasi ethe tyaba, izinto zeglasi, kunye neebhalbhu zokukhanya; Iglasi ye-lead silicate isetyenziswa njengesiseko setyhubhu ye-vacuum ngenxa yokuba imanzi kakhulu kwisinyithi, kwaye ikwasetyenziselwa ukuvimba imitha kuba i-lead inokuthintela izinto ezine-radioactive; Iglasi ye-borosilicate yeyona ikhethwayo kwiglasi yezixhobo zovavanyo zekhemikhali ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugqwala.

3. Ikamva leglasi
3.1 Amathemba ekamva eglasi yobugcisa kunye neglasi yokuhombisa
Elinye icandelo eliphambili lezicelo zeglasi zanamhlanje yiglasi yobugcisa kunye neglasi yokuhombisa. Iglasi iphumile kwiimbophelelo zokulandela kwasekuqaleni ukusebenza kwaye yaqala ukuphucuka. Emva kokuba ii-studio zeglasi zikhule njengeekhowa emva kwemvula, iimveliso zeglasi ezintle ngakumbi nangakumbi zaqala ukuvela, kubandakanya izibambo zekhandlela zeglasi, imihombiso yeglasi, imifanekiso yeglasi, kwanemifanekiso emikhulu yeglasi enemibala. Izinto ezibandakanyeka kwiglasi yobugcisa ziqala kwiimoto, izakhiwo, kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yasentendelezweni ukuya kwiidayili ezincinci zewotshi, izakhelo zesibuko, kunye neefowuni eziphathwayo. Iglasi ingasetyenziswa njengelitye le-rhinestone ukuthatha indawo yeedayimani ezibizayo. "Iidayimani" ezibonwa kwizixhobo ezincinci namhlanje zininzi ze-rhinestones ezinemibala eyahlukeneyo ezenziwe ngeglasi.
Iingcebiso zam zobuqu malunga nophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lweglasi yobugcisa zezi zilandelayo:
1. Iglasi yobugcisa kunye neglasi yokuhombisa kufuneka zixabise ugqozi kunye nobuchule, zinamathele kwiindlela ezizodwa zoyilo, kwaye zizise abantu isidlo esibonakalayo.
2. Lungiselela ulwakhiwo lwezinto eziluhlaza zeglasi yobugcisa, unciphise iindleko zokwandisa imveliso yeglasi yobugcisa.
3. Ukuphuhlisa imigangatho yeshishini ukuqinisekisa uyilo olusemgangathweni ngakumbi kunye nemveliso yeglasi yobugcisa, kunye nokuphepha izinto ezifana nongcoliseko lwezinto eziluhlaza.
4. Ukudibanisa ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu kwinkqubo yokuvelisa iglasi yobugcisa kunye neglasi yokuhombisa kunyusa ubuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kweglasi kwinqanaba elitsha kwaye kukhuthaza ngcono uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso.
Ukusebenza okuninzi kunye nokudibanisa iglasi yobugcisa kunye neglasi yokuhombisa zizinto ezifunekayo ukuze zihambelane nomkhwa wamaxesha. Umzekelo, iglasi yokuhombisa elungiselelwe ngokudibanisa iiseli zelanga kunye neendonga zeglasi ezinemibala ayinakusebenzisa amandla elanga kuphela kodwa ikwasebenza njengeendonga ezingathwali mthwalo kunye neenjongo zokuhombisa, ibulala iintaka ezimbini ngelitye elinye.

3.2 Iglasi ekhethekileyo
Iglasi ekhethekileyo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezifana nezixhobo, ezomkhosi, ezonyango, ze-elektroniki, zekhemistri, kunye nezokwakha, nganye ineempawu zayo. Ezifana neglasi eqinisiweyo (ene-coefficient enamandla aphezulu, akukho lula ukuyiqhekeza, nokuba iphukile, ayizukuba ngamasuntswana abukhali angonakalisa umzimba womntu), iglasi eboshiweyo (engacacanga, esetyenziswa rhoqo kwiindawo ezifuna unyango olungacacanga, njengezindlu zangasese), iglasi elaminethiweyo (esetyenziswa rhoqo kushishino lokwakha, akukho lula ukuyiqhekeza xa ichaphazeleka), iglasi egqunyiweyo (isiphumo esihle sokukhusela isandi), iglasi engangenisi msindo (iglasi enamandla aphezulu, inokuthintela iimbumbulu ngesantya esiphantsi kwaye iqinisekise ukhuseleko), njalo njalo.

Iglasi ekhethekileyo ye-borosilicate ephezulu
Ukongeza, iintlobo ezintsha ezahlukeneyo zeglasi ezenziwe ngokufaka izinto ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali nazo zinamathuba amaninzi okusetyenziswa. Kubandakanya iglasi ye-silica ephezulu, iglasi ye-lead silicate, iglasi ye-sodium calcium, iglasi ye-aluminium silicate, iglasi ye-borosilicate, iglasi ye-potassium, njl. okukhankanyiweyo ngaphambili, iglasi yesinyithi esekwe kwintsimbi nayo luhlobo olutsha lweglasi olutsala ingqalelo okwangoku. Iglasi yesinyithi esekwe kwintsimbi yinto engenasimo semvelo eyenziwe kakhulu zizinto zesinyithi, ezingenaziphene zekristale ezifana neeplani, izikhundla, kunye namanqaku. Ineempawu eziphezulu ezifana nokuthamba okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nempembelelo, kunye nokumelana nokubanda nobushushu, kwaye inemathuba amaninzi okusetyenziswa kwicandelo lophuhliso lweoyile negesi.